Daniel David

Abstract

Background: Patient activation - or knowledge, confidence, and skill managing overall health - is associated with improved health behaviors such as exercise; it is unknown whether it is associated with advance care planning (ACP). Objective: To determine whether patient activation is associated with ACP. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Setting/Subjects: A total of 414 veterans (≥60 years) with serious and chronic illness enrolled in an ACP trial. Measures: Patient characteristics and self-report surveys included the validated 13-item patient activation measure (PAM, five-point Likert) (e.g., "Taking an active role in your own healthcare is the most important factor⋯") categorized into four levels (e.g., Level 1: "disengaged and overwhelmed" to Level 4: "maintaining behaviors"). ACP was measured with the ACP Engagement Survey including 57-item process scores (i.e., knowledge, contemplation, self-efficacy, readiness, 5-point Likert scale) and 25-item action scores (i.e., surrogate designation, yes/no items). Associations were determined with linear regression. Results: Participants were 71.1 ± 7.8 years of age, 43% were non-white, 9% were women, and 20% had limited health literacy. Higher PAM levels were associated with higher finances, having adult children, lower comorbidity, and more social support (p < 0.05). After adjusting for these characteristics, higher PAM (Level 4 vs. Level 1) was associated with higher ACP engagement (ACP process scores, 2.8 ± 0.7 vs. 3.8 ± 0.7 and action scores 9.7 ± 4.4 vs. 15.1 ± 6.0, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Higher patient activation to manage one's overall healthcare is associated with higher engagement in ACP. Interventions designed to foster general patient activation and self-efficacy to engage in health behaviors and disease management may also improve engagement in the ACP process.

Abstract

Patients with heart failure (HF) are at risk for frequent readmission potentially due to self-care deficits. Medical doctors (MDs) and nurse practitioners (NPs) both provide discharge instructions. However, each type of provider may emphasize different elements of care. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the content of the documentation of 50 discharge instructions of heart failure patients written by NPs and MDs. Compared with MDs, NPs placed greater emphasis on symptom identification, and were more likely to advise and schedule follow-up appointments with primary care and cardiology providers rather than advising an appointment was needed without scheduling one.

Abstract

Objectives: To systematically identify, appraise, and summarize research on the effects of behavioral interventions to prevent cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults using a holistic wellness framework. Design: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials that tested the effectiveness of behavioral interventions within each of the six dimensions of wellness: occupational, social, intellectual, physical, emotional and spiritual. Databases searched included PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ALOIS, and The Grey Literature Report through July 1, 2014. Setting: Community. Participants: Individuals aged 60 and older (N = 6,254). Measurements: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Checklist. Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions in the physical dimension of wellness were most common (11 studies); interventions in the spiritual dimension were least common (0 studies). Fifty-nine different measures were used to measure multiple cognitive domains, with memory being the most commonly measured (17 studies) and language being the least commonly measured (5 studies). Fifty percent of the interventions examined in the 18 studies demonstrated statistically significant outcomes on at least one cognitive measure. Interventions in the intellectual dimension that examined cognitively stimulating activities using pen and paper or a computer represented the greatest percentage of statistically significant outcomes. Conclusion: Intellectual and physical interventions were most studied, with varied results. Future research is needed using more-consistent methods to measure cognition. Researchers should include the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery among measurement tools to facilitate effective data harmonization, pooling, and comparison.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This implementation analysis of a nurseled observation unit describes the development process and analyzes patients- characteristics, patient satisfaction, and provider perceptions. BACKGROUND: A nurse-led observation unit was developed to createmore inpatient bed capacity and place patients in the clinical area best suited to their needs. METHODS: Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used for analysis. RESULTS: The average length of stay of 467 patients was 1.1 days; 68.1%(n = 318) were female. Elective surgery was the most frequent reason for admission. All of the patients rated the observation unit patient feedback survey factors favorably except for noise. All healthcare providers (n = 64) reported that they communicated well with each other and had resources to provide quality care but rated the environment less favorably. CONCLUSIONS: A nurse-led observation unit was found to be an effective and efficient approach to providing postoperative and postprocedure care, which was generally well received by patients and healthcare providers.

Abstract

Background: According to the CDC, falls rank among the leading causes of accidental death in the United States, resulting in significant health care costs annually. In this paper we present information about everyday lifestyle decisions of the older adult that may help reduce the risk of falling. We pursued two lines of inquiry: first, we identify and then test known mutable fall risk factors and ask how the resolution of such problems correlates with changes in fall rates. Second, we identify a series of everyday lifestyle options that persons may follow and then ask, does such engagement (e.g., engagement in exercise programs) lessen the older adult's risk of falling and if it does, will the relationship hold as the count of risk factors increases? Methods: Using a secondary analysis of lifestyle choices and risk changes that may explain fall rates over one year, we drew on a data set of 13,623 community residing elders in independent housing sites from 24 US states. All older adults were assessed at baseline, and a subset assessed one year later (n = 4,563) using two interRAI tools: the interRAI Community Health Assessment and interRAI Wellness Assessment. Results: For the vast majority of risk measures, problem resolution is followed by lower rate of falls. This is true for physical measures such as doing housework, meal preparation, unsteady gait, transferring, and dressing the lower body. Similarly, this pattern is observed for clinical measures such as depression, memory, vision, dizziness, and fatigue. Among the older adults who had a falls risk at the baseline assessment, about 20 % improve, that is, they had a decreased falls rate when the problem risk improved. This outcome suggests that improvement of physical or clinical states potentially may result in a decreased falls rate. Additionally, physical exercise and cognitive activities are associated with a lower rate of falls. Conclusions: The resolution of risk problems and physical and cognitive lifestyle choices are related to lower fall rates in elders in the community. The results presented here point to specific areas, that when targeted, may reduce the risk of falls. In addition, when there is problem resolution for specific clinical conditions, a decreased risk for falls also may occur.

Abstract

Background: The utilization outcomes of nurse practitioners (NPs) in the acute care setting have not been widely studied. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact on utilization outcomes of NPs on medical teams who take care of patients admitted to a cardiovascular intensive care unit. Methods: A retrospective 2-group comparative design was used to evaluate the outcomes of 185 patients with ST- or non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or heart failure who were admitted to a cardiovascular intensive care unit in an urban medical center. Patients received care from a medical team that included a cardiac acute care NP (n = 109) or medical team alone (n = 76). Patient history, cardiac assessment, medical interventions, discharge disposition, discharge time, and 3 utilization outcomes (ie, length of stay, 30-day readmission, and time of discharge) were compared between the 2 treatment groups. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of 30-day readmission. Results: Patients receiving care from a medical team that included an NP were rehospitalized approximately 50% less often compared with those receiving care from a medical team without an NP. Thirty-day hospital readmission (P =.011) and 30-day return rates to the emergency department (P =.021) were significantly lower in the intervention group. Significant predictors for rehospitalization included diagnosis of heart failure versus myocardial infarction (odds ratio [OR], 3.153, P = 0.005), treatment by a medical team without NP involvement (OR, 2.905, P = 0.008), and history of diabetes (OR, 2.310, P = 0.032). Conclusions: The addition of a cardiac acute care NP to medical teams caring for myocardial infarction and heart failure patients had a positive impact on 30-day emergency department return and hospital readmission rates.

Abstract

Objectives: With the worldwide population growing in age, information technology may help meet important needs to prepare and support patients and families for aging. We sought to explore the use and acceptance of information technology for health among the elderly by reviewing the existing literature. Methods: Review of literature using PubMed and Google Scholar, references from relevant papers, and consultation with experts. Results: Elderly people approach the Internet and health information technology differently than younger people, but have growing rates of adoption. Assistive technology, such as sensors or home monitors, may help 'aging in place', but these have not been thoroughly evaluated. Elders face many barriers in using technology for healthcare decision-making, including issues with familiarity, willingness to ask for help, trust of the technology, privacy, and design challenges. Conclusions: Barriers must be addressed for these tools to be available to this growing population. Design, education, research, and policy all play roles in addressing these barriers to acceptance and use.

Abstract

This project used the interRAI based, community health assessment (CHA) to develop a model for identifying current elder drivers whose driving behavior should be reviewed. The assessments were completed by independent housing sites in COLLAGE, a non-profit, national senior housing consortium. Secondary analysis of data drawn from older adults in COLLAGE sites in the United States was conducted using a baseline assessment with 8042 subjects and an annual follow-up assessment with 3840 subjects. Logistic regression was used to develop a Driving Review Index (DRI) based on the most useful items from among the many measures available in the CHA assessment. Thirteen items were identified by the logistic regression to predict drivers whose driving behavior was questioned by others. In particular, three variables reference compromised decision-making abilities: general daily decisions, a recent decline in ability to make daily decisions, and ability to manage medications. Two additional measures assess cognitive status: short-term memory problem and a diagnosis of non-Alzheimers dementia. Functional measures reflect restrictions and general frailty, including receiving help in transportation, use of a locomotion appliance, having an unsteady gait, fatigue, and not going out on most days. The final three clinical measures reflect compromised vision, little interest or pleasure in things normally enjoyed, and diarrhea. The DRI focuses the review process on drivers with multiple cognitive and functional problems, including a significant segment of potentially troubled drivers who had not yet been publicly identified by others. There is a need for simple and quickly identified screening tools to identify those older adults whose driving should be reviewed. The DRI, based on the interRAI CHA, fills this void. Assessment at the individual level needs to be part of the backdrop of science as society seeks to target policy to identify high risk drivers instead of simply age-based testing.